> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.iotools.cloud/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Thermal Expansion Calculator > Calculate how much a part grows or shrinks with temperature — change in length, final length, linear strain and volumetric change — from a built-in library of 36 material expansion coefficients, in Celsius or Fahrenheit. [Try Thermal Expansion Calculator in your browser →](https://iotools.cloud/tool/thermal-expansion-calculator/) ## OpenAPI ````yaml https://api.iotools.cloud/v1/openapi post /v1/tool/thermal-expansion-calculator openapi: 3.1.0 info: title: iotools.cloud API version: 1.0.0 description: >- Run any iotools.cloud tool over HTTP. Authenticate with `Authorization: Bearer iot_live_…`. **Only `POST /v1/tool/{slug}` costs credits.** Every GET here — the catalog, a tool's schema, your balance — is free. A tool call is charged its own weight or your plan's per-call minimum, whichever is larger; `x-iotools-credit-cost` on each operation is quoted at the free-tier minimum, and `GET /v1/tools/list` returns the exact figure for your key. `GET /v1/me/credits` reports what you have left, and `GET /v1/me/usage` reports what it went on. Failures are RFC 9457 problem documents — branch on `code`. servers: - url: https://api.iotools.cloud description: Production security: - bearerAuth: [] tags: - name: Catalog description: Find a tool and read its contract. Free. - name: Converters description: >- Convert between formats, encodings, and units — Base64, CSV and JSON, timestamps, and more. Fast, free, and processed right in your browser. - name: Formatters description: >- Format, beautify, minify, and validate code and data — JSON, HTML, CSS, SQL, and regex. Clean up messy input in one click, with nothing to upload. - name: Generators description: >- Generate exactly what you need and on demand — passwords, UUIDs, QR codes, hashes, random numbers, and more. Secure, instant, and free. - name: Calculators description: >- Crunch the numbers fast — from everyday math to specialized conversions and unit work. Free online calculators that run entirely in your browser. - name: Editors description: >- Edit and transform text, code, and images with quick, focused editors that run entirely in your browser — nothing to install, and no sign-up needed. - name: Utilities description: >- Everyday developer and web utilities — DNS and IP lookups, redirect and certificate checkers, and other quick diagnostics. Free and privacy-friendly. - name: Account description: Your key's allowance, limits and usage history. paths: /v1/tool/thermal-expansion-calculator: post: tags: - Calculators summary: Thermal Expansion Calculator description: >- Calculate how much a part grows or shrinks with temperature — change in length, final length, linear strain and volumetric change — from a built-in library of 36 material expansion coefficients, in Celsius or Fahrenheit. [Try Thermal Expansion Calculator in your browser →](https://iotools.cloud/tool/thermal-expansion-calculator/) operationId: run_thermal_expansion_calculator requestBody: required: false content: application/json: schema: type: object properties: material: enum: - aluminium - brass - bronze - copper - carbon-steel - stainless-304 - stainless-316 - cast-iron - titanium - nickel - inconel-625 - invar-36 - zinc - lead - magnesium - tin - gold - silver - platinum - tungsten - glass-soda-lime - glass-borosilicate - quartz-fused - concrete - brick - wood-along-grain - silicon - diamond - ice - pvc - polycarbonate - abs - acrylic - nylon - hdpe - ptfe - custom description: Material coefficient: type: number description: Custom coefficient α (× 10⁻⁶ per °C) minimum: 0 length: type: number description: Original length L₀ minimum: 0 lengthUnit: enum: - mm - cm - m - in - ft description: Length unit tempUnit: enum: - c - f description: Temperature unit initialTemp: type: number description: Initial temperature finalTemp: type: number description: Final temperature required: [] examples: 1_m_mild_steel_bar_heated_from_20_c_to_120_c: summary: 1 m mild steel bar heated from 20 °C to 120 °C value: material: carbon-steel coefficient: '' length: '1000' lengthUnit: mm tempUnit: c initialTemp: '20' finalTemp: '120' 20_ft_aluminium_rail_70_f_to_110_f: summary: 20 ft aluminium rail, 70 °F to 110 °F value: material: aluminium coefficient: '' length: '20' lengthUnit: ft tempUnit: f initialTemp: '70' finalTemp: '110' 500_mm_ptfe_seal_cooled_from_25_c_to_40_c_contraction: summary: 500 mm PTFE seal cooled from 25 °C to -40 °C (contraction) value: material: ptfe coefficient: '' length: '500' lengthUnit: mm tempUnit: c initialTemp: '25' finalTemp: '-40' custom_coefficient_on_a_2_m_span: summary: Custom coefficient on a 2 m span value: material: custom coefficient: '9.5' length: '2' lengthUnit: m tempUnit: c initialTemp: '15' finalTemp: '85' responses: '200': description: Tool output content: application/json: examples: 1_m_mild_steel_bar_heated_from_20_c_to_120_c: summary: 1 m mild steel bar heated from 20 °C to 120 °C value: tool: thermal-expansion-calculator tool_version: 1.0.1 outputs: results: - metric: Temperature change ΔT value: 100 °C - metric: Coefficient α used value: 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C — Carbon steel (mild) - metric: Change in length ΔL value: 1.2 mm - metric: ΔL in millimetres value: 1.2 mm - metric: ΔL in inches value: 0.047244 in - metric: Final length value: 1001.2 mm - metric: Linear strain (ΔL / L₀) value: 1.2 mm/m (1200 µm/m) - metric: Volumetric change (≈ 3αΔT) value: 0.36 % credits_used: 3 credits_remaining: null 20_ft_aluminium_rail_70_f_to_110_f: summary: 20 ft aluminium rail, 70 °F to 110 °F value: tool: thermal-expansion-calculator tool_version: 1.0.1 outputs: results: - metric: Temperature change ΔT value: 40 °F (22.22 °C) - metric: Coefficient α used value: 23.1 × 10⁻⁶ /°C — Aluminium - metric: Change in length ΔL value: 0.010267 ft - metric: ΔL in millimetres value: 3.1293 mm - metric: ΔL in inches value: 0.1232 in - metric: Final length value: 20.0103 ft - metric: Linear strain (ΔL / L₀) value: 0.513333 mm/m (513.3333 µm/m) - metric: Volumetric change (≈ 3αΔT) value: 0.154 % credits_used: 3 credits_remaining: null 500_mm_ptfe_seal_cooled_from_25_c_to_40_c_contraction: summary: 500 mm PTFE seal cooled from 25 °C to -40 °C (contraction) value: tool: thermal-expansion-calculator tool_version: 1.0.1 outputs: results: - metric: Temperature change ΔT value: '-65 °C' - metric: Coefficient α used value: 135 × 10⁻⁶ /°C — PTFE (Teflon) - metric: Change in length ΔL value: '-4.3875 mm' - metric: ΔL in millimetres value: '-4.3875 mm' - metric: ΔL in inches value: '-0.172736 in' - metric: Final length value: 495.6125 mm - metric: Linear strain (ΔL / L₀) value: '-8.775 mm/m (-8775 µm/m)' - metric: Volumetric change (≈ 3αΔT) value: '-2.6325 %' credits_used: 3 credits_remaining: null custom_coefficient_on_a_2_m_span: summary: Custom coefficient on a 2 m span value: tool: thermal-expansion-calculator tool_version: 1.0.1 outputs: results: - metric: Temperature change ΔT value: 70 °C - metric: Coefficient α used value: 9.5 × 10⁻⁶ /°C — Custom - metric: Change in length ΔL value: 0.00133 m - metric: ΔL in millimetres value: 1.33 mm - metric: ΔL in inches value: 0.052362 in - metric: Final length value: 2.0013 m - metric: Linear strain (ΔL / L₀) value: 0.665 mm/m (665 µm/m) - metric: Volumetric change (≈ 3αΔT) value: 0.1995 % credits_used: 3 credits_remaining: null schema: type: object required: - tool - tool_version - outputs - credits_used - credits_remaining properties: outputs: type: object properties: results: type: array items: type: object properties: metric: type: string description: Metric value: type: string description: Value x-iotools-columns: - metric - value tool: type: string description: The tool's slug, echoing the {slug} in the request path. tool_version: type: string description: Output-contract version for this tool. credits_used: type: integer description: >- Credits this call consumed, after any settlement refund. 0 when metering is disabled. credits_remaining: type: - integer - 'null' description: >- Credits left in the current monthly allowance, or null when metering is disabled. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. '400': $ref: '#/components/responses/ValidationError' '401': $ref: '#/components/responses/Unauthorized' '402': $ref: '#/components/responses/InsufficientCredits' '403': $ref: '#/components/responses/ToolNotAllowed' '404': $ref: '#/components/responses/ToolNotFound' '413': $ref: '#/components/responses/PayloadTooLarge' '429': $ref: '#/components/responses/RateLimited' '500': $ref: '#/components/responses/ToolFailed' '503': $ref: '#/components/responses/ToolDisabled' security: - bearerAuth: [] components: responses: ValidationError: description: Invalid request. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/validation_error title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Invalid request status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - validation_error detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. fields: type: - object - string additionalProperties: type: string description: >- What failed: a map of field name → message. Absent when the body itself is malformed; a single string when the failure isn't tied to one field. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/validation_error title: Invalid request status: 400 code: validation_error detail: One or more inputs are invalid — see `fields`. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 fields: inputString: Required Unauthorized: description: Missing or invalid API key. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/invalid_api_key title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Invalid API key status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - invalid_api_key detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/invalid_api_key title: Invalid API key status: 401 code: invalid_api_key detail: 'Provide ''Authorization: Bearer ''.' request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 InsufficientCredits: description: Monthly credit allowance exhausted. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/insufficient_credits title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Insufficient credits status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - insufficient_credits detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. credits_used: type: integer description: Always 0 — a refused call charges nothing. credits_remaining: type: integer description: Credits left in the allowance — fewer than this call costs. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/insufficient_credits title: Insufficient credits status: 402 code: insufficient_credits detail: This call costs 1 credit and 0 remain in this month's allowance. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 credits_used: 0 credits_remaining: 0 ToolNotAllowed: description: Tool exists but has no API surface. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_not_allowed title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Tool not available over the API status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - tool_not_allowed detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_not_allowed title: Tool not available over the API status: 403 code: tool_not_allowed detail: >- "Background Remover" is available on iotools.cloud but has no API endpoint. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 ToolNotFound: description: No such tool. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_not_found title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Tool not found status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - tool_not_found detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_not_found title: Tool not found status: 404 code: tool_not_found detail: No tool with that slug. See GET /v1/tools/list. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 PayloadTooLarge: description: Body too large. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/payload_too_large title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Payload too large status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - payload_too_large detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/payload_too_large title: Payload too large status: 413 code: payload_too_large detail: Request body exceeds this tool's size limit. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 RateLimited: description: Per-minute rate limit exceeded. headers: Retry-After: description: Seconds to wait before retrying (RFC 9110 delta-seconds). schema: type: integer content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/rate_limited title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Rate limit exceeded status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - rate_limited detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. retry_after: type: integer description: >- Seconds until the window resets — the same value as the `Retry-After` header. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/rate_limited title: Rate limit exceeded status: 429 code: rate_limited detail: Too many requests. Retry in 30s. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 retry_after: 30 ToolFailed: description: Tool failed to run. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/processing_error - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/internal_error title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Tool failed to run - Internal error status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - processing_error - internal_error detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. credits_used: type: integer description: >- Always 0 on `processing_error` — a failed run is refunded, floor included. credits_remaining: type: integer description: >- Credits left after the refund. Absent when metering is disabled. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/processing_error title: Tool failed to run status: 500 code: processing_error detail: The tool failed to run. Please try again. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 credits_used: 0 ToolDisabled: description: Tool temporarily disabled. content: application/problem+json: schema: type: object description: >- RFC 9457 problem document, served as application/problem+json. Branch on `code`; `title` is human prose and may be reworded without notice. Some failures add extension members — `fields` on validation errors, `retry_after` on 429s, `credits_used`/`credits_remaining` on billing-adjacent failures — documented on the responses that carry them. required: - type - title - status - code properties: type: type: string format: uri description: Stable documentation URI for this failure. examples: - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_disabled - https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/api_unconfigured title: type: string description: Short human-readable summary of the failure. examples: - Tool temporarily disabled - API not configured status: type: integer description: HTTP status code, matching the response's own status. code: type: string description: >- Stable machine-readable error code — branch on this, not `title`. enum: - tool_disabled - api_unconfigured detail: type: string description: Human explanation of this occurrence. request_id: type: string description: Correlation id, also sent as x-request-id. example: type: https://iotools.cloud/docs/errors/tool_disabled title: Tool temporarily disabled status: 503 code: tool_disabled detail: This tool is temporarily unavailable. Try again shortly. request_id: e4042b29-8f1e-4c7a-9b52-6f0d1a3c7e11 securitySchemes: bearerAuth: type: http scheme: bearer bearerFormat: iot_live_… ````